Glossary

In this prospectus, unless the context otherwise requires, the following words and phrases have the meanings set forth below:

albitisation	The alteration or replacement of primary minerals by feldspar.
allochthonous	The material forming rocks which are transported to the site of deposition.
AMIRA P544	Australian Mineral Industries Research Association Project 544.
amphibole	A common mafic rock forming magnesium-iron-calcium-aluminum silicate mineral.
amphibolite facies	An assemblage of minerals formed at moderate to high pressures and temperatures during regional metamorphism.
andesite	A fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock with between about 52-63 weight percent silica (SiO2).
anticline	A fold, generally with strata dipping in opposite directions, which core contains the stratigraphically older rocks.
argillite	Highly compact sedimentary or slightly metamorphosed rocks that consist largely or wholly of particles of clay or silt but lack the fissility of shale or the cleavage characteristic of slate.
arkose	A moderately well sorted sedimentary rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar grains together with small amounts of mica.
artisanal	Informal mining activity undertaken largely by local people.
auger	The process of sub-surface (1 metre to 2 metre) soil sample collection utilising hand held mechanised drilling equipment.
basement	Crust of the earth underlying younger sedimentary deposits.
biotite	A dark brown to green magnesium-iron mica commonly found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Bn	Mineral bornite.
breccia	Rock comprising angular fragments enclosed in a matrix, usually the result of persistent fracturing by tectonic or hydraulic means.
brecciated	Condition applied to an intensely fractured body of rock.
carbonate rocks	Rocks composed predominantly of carbonate minerals such as calcite or dolomite.
carrollite	Mineral of cobalt.
Cc	Calcite.
chalcopyrite	A common sulphide ore of copper.
chlorite	A green coloured hydrated aluminum-iron-magnesium silicate mineral common in metamorphic rocks.
chrysocolla	Copper sulphide mineral.
clastics	Rocks made up of fragments or clasts (sand, mud, gravel, etc.) of other rocks.
CMN	Calcaire a Minerais Noirs, comprises dolomite and limestone and is the uppermost sequence of the Series des Mines.
Copperbelt	The central African Copperbelt has a significant endowment of copper, cobalt, zinc and lead. It has sustained production for over 70 years, and still has significant mineral resources and reserves. IT is developed within a major geological structure, the Lufilian Arc, stretching for more than 500 km from Kolwezi in southern DRC to Luanshya in Zambia. This arc is host to extensive high-grade Cu-Co mineralization in very large stratiform deposits with many large copper mining operations (e.g. Kamoto Mine in DRC and Nchanga Mine in Zambia).
Cp	Chalcopyrite.
craton	Large, and usually ancient stable mass of the earth’s crust.
Damara Orogen	A Neoproterozoic orogenic event in Namibia.
diamond drill	A type of rotary drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods through which water is pumped to the cutting face. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections, approximately two centimetres or more in diameter.
dolerite	A medium grained basic intrusive rock composed mostly of pyroxenes and sodium-calcium feldspar.
dolomite	A rock composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate.
dunite	A peridotite consisting almost wholly of the mineral olivine.
dyke	A tabular body of intrusive igneous rock, crosscutting the host strata at a high angle.
electromagnetic (EM)	Geophysical method used to measure electromagnetic waves in the earth’s surface.
Enargite	Copper bearing mineral.
erythrite	A cobalt bearing mineral.
extrusive	An igneous rock that has flowed out on surface.
Falcon™	An airborne gravity gradiometer system.
feasibility study	A comprehensive study of a deposit in which all geological, engineering, operating, economic and other relevant factors are considered in sufficient detail that it could reasonably serve as the basis for a final decision by a financial institution to finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.
feldspar	A group of rock forming minerals.
ferrous metals	Manganese, iron ore and chrome.
fluvial sedimentation	A sedimentary process involving rivers.
folding	A term applied to the bending of strata or a planar feature about an axis.
footwall	The mass of rock below a fault, vein or zone of mineralization.
Frn	Franklinite mineral, a zinc ore mineral.
Ga	Galena.
Gahn	Gahnite mineral.
Ge	Germanium.
geotechnical	A term used to describe the collaboration between various engineering disciplines and geology.
GIS	Computerized geographic information system.
gneiss	A rock (often banded) formed as a result of high-grade regional metamorphism.
granite	Coarse grained igneous rock containing mainly quartz and feldspar.
g/t	Grams per tonne.
hanging wall	The mass of rock overlying a zone of mineralization.
heterogenite	A cobalt mineral.
ICP or ICP-AES	Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy.
ILR	In-line leach reactor.
induced polarization	A geophysical survey technique measuring the rate of an electric current and used to identify disseminated sulphide deposits.
intracratonic	Located within a craton.
intrusives	An igneous rock that formed after being implaced into pre-existing rocks.
IPJ	In-line pressure jig.
JORC	The Joint Ore Reserves Committee (Australia).
Kalahari Craton	A craton during the Neoproterozoic.
Karoo period	Term applied to rocks that formed at approximately 140-300 million years ago.
karst	Landscape associated with carbonate rocks e.g. dolomite.
Katangan	Rocks or geological events approximately 650-800 million years ago.
Kva	Kilovolt ampere.
landsat imagery	Photographs of the earth’s surface collected by satellite and commonly processed to enhance particular features.
leach	Metallurgical process typically used in copper extraction.
limestone	A sedimentary rock composed principally of calcite (CaCO3).
Lufilian	Orogenic event approximately 650-850 million years ago.
mafic	Descriptive of rocks composed predominantly of magnesium and iron rock-forming silicates.
magnetic survey	Determination of the deviation in the earth’s magnetic field in response to the inherent magnetism of different rock types.
malachite	Copper mineral (CuCo3, Cu(OH)2).
metasedimentary	Metamorphosed sedimentary rock.
mineral resource	A mineral resource: A concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the earth’s crust in such form, and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Measured mineral resources: That part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application, of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity. Indicated mineral resources: That part of a mineral, resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit.The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed. Inferred mineral resources: That part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.
mineralization	The concentration of minerals within a body of rock.
Neoproterozoic	Subdivision of the proterozoic age (900 to 544 million years ago).
Ni	Nickel.
Nosib Group	The Basal Group of the Damaran succession.
NSAMT	Natural source audio magneto tellurics.
olivine	An olive green magnesium-iron silicate (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, common in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks.
OS 1 Member (Ore Shale)	Host unit to copper mineralization on the Zambian Copperbelt.
oz	Troy ounce.
Pb	Lead.
percussion drilling	A drilling method which uses a percussive hammer on a set of drill rods to drill a hole, using compressed air to power the hammer and remove drill cuttings.
PGM	Platinum group metals, being platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.
phyllites	Metamorphosed sedimentary rock with micaceous sheen.
prograde	Increasing grade of metamorphism.
pseudomalachite	A hydrons basic copper phosphate resembling malachite.
Py	Pyrite (FeS2).
pyrite	A sulphide mineral of iron, FeS2.
pyroclastics	Particles and fragments of igneous rock that are ejected from a volcano.
quartzite	Metamorphosed quartz rich sedimentary rock.
RAB	Rotary air blast, a drilling technique.
RAT	Roches Argilo-Talcqueuses is the lowest member of the Series des Mines stratigraphy.
REE	Rare earth elements.
resources	See mineral resources.
reverse circulation drilling or RC drilling	The circulation of bit-coolant and cuttings-removal liquids, drilling fluid, mud, air or gas down a borehole outside the drill rods and upward inside the drill rods. Also called ‘‘countercurrent‘‘ or ‘‘counterflush‘‘.
rifting	Process of crustal extension.
RSC	Roches Siliceuses Cellulaires is a member of the Series des Mines stratigraphy.
RSF	Roches Siliceuses Feuilleees is a member of the Series des Mines stratigraphy.
rudaceous	Sedimentary rock consisting predominately of sharp fragments of rock embedded in clay, mud etc.
SAMREC	South African Mineral Resource Committee.
sandstone	A sedimentary rock composed of cemented or compacted detrital sediment, principally quartz grains.
schist	Fine grained metamorphic rock with pervasive fabric.
SD	Schistes Dolomitiques or dolomitic shales is a member of the Series des Mines stratigraphy.
shale	Very fine grained sedimentary rock.
sieb mill	Mill used in sample preparation.
siliceous	Containing silica.
silicified	The alteration or replacement of primary minerals by silica.
soil geochemistry	The determination of relative or absolute abundances of elements in soil.
Sph	Sphalerite (ZnS).
sphalerite	A black to brown sulphide ore of zinc, ZnS.
stratabound	Mineral deposit is located within specific strata, bedding or layering.
stratiform	Bedded or layered reference to the form of a mineral deposit.
stratigraphy	Composition, sequence and correlation of stratified rocks.
SX-EW	Solvent extraction and electrowinning.
synform	Syncline-like structure.
syntectonic	Occurring or forming at the same time as deformation and metamorphism.
tectonostratigraphic zone	A geological zone where rocks have experienced similar tectonic histories.
thrust	A reverse fault or shear that has a low angle inclination to the horizontal.
tonnes	A metric tonne or 1,000 kilograms.
U-Pb	Uranium – Lead.
Wil	Willemite mineral (Zn2SiO1).
XRF analysis	X-ray fluorescence, an elemental analytical technique.
zincite	Zinc mineral (ZnO).
zircon	A silicate of zirconium (ZrSiO4) used as a refractory and an abrasive.